Python开发的HTTP库requests详解

Requests是使用Apache2Licensed许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1. GET请求

 # 1、无参数实例
 
 import requests
 
 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 
 print(ret.url)
 print(ret.text)

 # 2、有参数实例
 
 import requests
 
 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
 
 print(ret.url)
 print(ret.text)

2. POST请求

 # 1、基本POST实例
 
 import requests
 
 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
 
 print(ret.text)
 
 
 # 2、发送请求头和数据实例
 
 import requests
 import json
 
 url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
 payload = {'some': 'data'}
 headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
 
 print(ret.text)
 print(ret.cookies)

3. 其它请求

 requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
 requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
 requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
 requests.head(url, **kwargs)
 requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
 requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
 requests.options(url, **kwargs)
 
 # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4. 请求参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
 """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

 :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
 :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
 :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
 :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
 :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
 :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
 :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
 ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
 or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
 defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
 to add for the file.
 :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
 :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
 before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
 timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
 :type timeout: float or tuple
 :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
 :type allow_redirects: bool
 :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
 :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
 :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
 :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
 :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
 :rtype: requests.Response

 Usage::

 >>> import requests
 >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
 <Response [200]>
 """

5. 参数示例

def param_method_url():
 # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
 # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
 pass


def param_param():
 # - 可以是字典
 # - 可以是字符串
 # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

 # requests.request(method='get',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

 # requests.request(method='get',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

 # requests.request(method='get',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

 # 错误
 # requests.request(method='get',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
 pass


def param_data():
 # 可以是字典
 # 可以是字符串
 # 可以是字节
 # 可以是文件对象

 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
 # )

 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 # )

 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 # )
 pass


def param_json():
 # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
 # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
 requests.request(method='POST',
 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})


def param_headers():
 # 发送请求头到服务器端
 requests.request(method='POST',
 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 )


def param_cookies():
 # 发送Cookie到服务器端
 requests.request(method='POST',
 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
 cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
 )
 # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
 from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 from http.cookiejar import Cookie

 obj = CookieJar()
 obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
 discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
 port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
 )
 requests.request(method='POST',
 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
 cookies=obj)


def param_files():
 # 发送文件
 # file_dict = {
 # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
 # }
 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # files=file_dict)

 # 发送文件，定制文件名
 # file_dict = {
 # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
 # }
 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # files=file_dict)

 # 发送文件，定制文件名
 # file_dict = {
 # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
 # }
 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # files=file_dict)

 # 发送文件，定制文件名
 # file_dict = {
 # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
 # }
 # requests.request(method='POST',
 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 # files=file_dict)

 pass


def param_auth():
 from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

 ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
 print(ret.text)

 # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
 # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
 # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
 # print(ret.text)

 # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
 # print(ret)
 #


def param_timeout():
 # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
 # print(ret)

 # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
 # print(ret)
 pass


def param_allow_redirects():
 ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
 print(ret.text)


def param_proxies():
 # proxies = {
 # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
 # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
 # }

 # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

 # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
 # print(ret.headers)


 # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
 #
 # proxyDict = {
 # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
 # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
 # }
 # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
 #
 # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
 # print(r.text)

 pass


def param_stream():
 ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
 print(ret.content)
 ret.close()

 # from contextlib import closing
 # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
 # # 在此处理响应。
 # for i in r.iter_content():
 # print(i)


def requests_session():
 import requests

 session = requests.Session()

 ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

 i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

 ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
 i2 = session.post(
 url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
 data={
 'phone': "8615131255089",
 'password': "xxxxxx",
 'oneMonth': ""
 }
 )

 i3 = session.post(
 url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
 )
 print(i3.text)

6. requests模拟登陆GitHub

 import requests
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
 def login_github():
 """
 通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub
 :return: 
 """
 # 获取csrf_token
 r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # 获得get请求的对象
 s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser') # 使用bs4解析HTML对象
 token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value') # 获取登陆授权码，即csrf_token
 get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict() # 获取get请求的cookies，post请求时必须携带
 
 # 发送post登陆请求
 '''
 post登陆参数
 commit Sign+in
 utf8 ✓
 authenticity_token E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg==
 login JackUpDown（用户名）
 password **********（密码）
 '''
 r2 = requests.post(
 'https://github.com/session',
 data={
 'commit': 'Sign+in',
 'utf8': '✓',
 'authenticity_token': token,
 'login': 'JackUpDown',
 'password': '**********'
 },
 cookies=get_cookies # 携带get请求的cookies
 )
 login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict() # 获得登陆成功的cookies，携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面
 
 # 携带post cookies跳转任意页面
 r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
 print(r3.text)