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PHP面向对象程序设计高级特性详解(接口,继承,抽象类,析构,克隆等)

更新时间:2020-03-15 19:14:58 作者:startmvc
本文实例讲述了PHP面向对象程序设计高级特性。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:静态属

本文实例讲述了PHP面向对象程序设计高级特性。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:

静态属性


<?php
class StaticExample {
 static public $aNum = 0; // 静态共有属性
 static public function sayHello() { // 静态共有方法
 print "hello";
 }
}
print StaticExample::$aNum;
StaticExample::sayHello();
?>

输出:0    hello

点评:静态属性和方法,可以通过类直接调用。

SELF


<?php
class StaticExample {
 static public $aNum = 0;
 static public function sayHello() { // 这里的static 和 public的顺序可以颠倒
 self::$aNum++;
 print "hello (".self::$aNum.")\n"; // self 指向当前类, $this指向当前对象。
 }
}
StaticExample::sayHello();
StaticExample::sayHello();
StaticExample::sayHello();
?>

输出:


hello (1)
hello (2)
hello (3)

点评:self 指向当前类, this指向当前对象。self可以调用当前类的静态属性和方法。this指向当前对象。self可以调用当前类的静态属性和方法。this可以调用当前类的正常属性和方法。

常量属性


<?php
class ShopProduct {
 const AVAILABLE = 0; // 只能用大写字母命名常量
 const OUT_OF_STOCK = 1;
 public $status;
}
print ShopProduct::AVAILABLE;
?>

输出:0

点评:常量只能用大写字母,并且可以通过类直接调用。

接口


<?php
interface Chargeable { // 接口,抽象类是介于基类与接口之间的东西
 public function getPrice();
}
class ShopProduct implements Chargeable {
 // ...
 protected $price;
 // ...
 public function getPrice() {
 return $this->price;
 }
 // ...
}
$product = new ShopProduct();
?>

如果没有实现getPrice方法,将会报错。

Fatal error: Class ShopProduct contains 1 abstract method and must therefore be declared abstract or implement the remaining methods (Chargeable::getPrice)

继承类与接口


<?php
class TimedService{ }
interface Bookable{ }
interface Chargeable{ }
class Consultancy extends TimedService implements Bookable, Chargeable { // 继承类与接口
 // ...
}
?>

抽象类

先来看一段代码


<?php
abstract class DomainObject {
}
class User extends DomainObject {
 public static function create() {
 return new User();
 }
}
class Document extends DomainObject {
 public static function create() {
 return new Document();
 }
}
$document = Document::create();
print_r( $document );
?>

输出:


Document Object
(
)

静态方法


<?php
abstract class DomainObject {
 private $group; // 私有属性group
 public function __construct() {
 $this->group = static::getGroup();//static 静态类
 }
 public static function create() {
 return new static();
 }
 static function getGroup() { // 静态方法
 return "default";
 }
}
class User extends DomainObject {
}
class Document extends DomainObject {
 static function getGroup() { // 改变了内容
 return "document";
 }
}
class SpreadSheet extends Document { // 继承之后,group也就与document相同了
}
print_r(User::create());
print_r(SpreadSheet::create());
?>

输出:


User Object
(
 [group:DomainObject:private] => default
)
SpreadSheet Object
(
 [group:DomainObject:private] => document
)

final字段

使类无法被继承,用的不多


<?php
final class Checkout { // 终止类的继承
 // ...
}
class IllegalCheckout extends Checkout {
 // ...
}
$checkout = new Checkout();
?>

输出:

Fatal error: Class IllegalCheckout may not inherit from final class (Checkout)

final方法不能够被重写


<?php
class Checkout {
 final function totalize() {
 // calculate bill
 }
}
class IllegalCheckout extends Checkout {
 function totalize() { // 不能重写final方法
 // change bill calculation
 }
}
$checkout = new Checkout();
?>

输出:

Fatal error: Cannot override final method Checkout::totalize()

析构函数


<?php
class Person {
 protected $name;
 private $age;
 private $id;
 function __construct( $name, $age ) {
 $this->name = $name;
 $this->age = $age;
 }
 function setId( $id ) {
 $this->id = $id;
 }
 function __destruct() { // 析构函数
 if ( ! empty( $this->id ) ) {
 // save Person data
 print "saving person\n";
 }
 if ( empty( $this->id ) ) {
 // save Person data
 print "do nothing\n";
 }
 }
}
$person = new Person( "bob", 44 );
$person->setId( 343 );
$person->setId( '' ); // 最后执行析构函数,使用完之后执行
?>

输出:

do nothing

__clone方法

克隆的时候执行


<?php
class Person {
 private $name;
 private $age;
 private $id;
 function __construct( $name, $age ) {
 $this->name = $name;
 $this->age = $age;
 }
 function setId( $id ) {
 $this->id = $id;
 }
 function __clone() { // 克隆时候执行
 $this->id = 0;
 }
}
$person = new Person( "bob", 44 );
$person->setId( 343 );
$person2 = clone $person;
print_r( $person );
print_r( $person2 );
?>

输出:


Person Object
(
 [name:Person:private] => bob
 [age:Person:private] => 44
 [id:Person:private] => 343
)
Person Object
(
 [name:Person:private] => bob
 [age:Person:private] => 44
 [id:Person:private] => 0
)

再看一个例子


<?php
class Account { // 账户类
 public $balance; // 余额
 function __construct( $balance ) {
 $this->balance = $balance;
 }
}
class Person {
 private $name;
 private $age;
 private $id;
 public $account;
 function __construct( $name, $age, Account $account ) {
 $this->name = $name;
 $this->age = $age;
 $this->account = $account;
 }
 function setId( $id ) {
 $this->id = $id;
 }
 function __clone() {
 $this->id = 0;
 }
}
$person = new Person( "bob", 44, new Account( 200 ) ); // 以类对象作为参数
$person->setId( 343 );
$person2 = clone $person;
// give $person some money
$person->account->balance += 10;
// $person2 sees the credit too
print $person2->account->balance; // person的属性account也是一个类,他的属性balance的值是210
// output:
// 210
?>

点评:学习还是能够开拓大脑的,今天终于明白为什么有多个箭头的概念了$person->account->balance。这里的account属性是一个对象。

__toString


<?php
class Person {
 function getName() { return "Bob"; }
 function getAge() { return 44; }
 function __toString() {
 $desc = $this->getName()." (age ";
 $desc .= $this->getAge().")";
 return $desc;
 }
}
$person = new Person();
print $person; // 打印时候集中处理
// Bob (age 44)
?>

点评:必须是print或echo时才有效,print_r就输出对象。

Person Object()

PHP 面向对象 高级特性 接口 继承 抽象类 析构 克隆